Pressure Unit in LBM

In aneurysm example located in showCases folder in palabos. I was curious to know what is pressure’s unit. All data in Param.xml is given in SI units but I don’t think the pressure drop is in SI units. Is it in PSI or dimensionless units ? thank you.


Number of fluid cells: 34636
T= 0; Average energy: 0
T= 0.417204; Average energy: 8.81991e-05
T= 0.834407; Average energy: 5.41482e-05
T= 1.25161; Average energy: 0.000126178
T= 1.66881; Average energy: 9.61023e-05
T= 2.08602; Average energy: 9.92541e-05
T= 2.50322; Average energy: 7.59765e-05
T= 2.92043; Average energy: 7.43238e-05
T= 3.33763; Average energy: 7.35411e-05
T= 3.75483; Average energy: 7.61479e-05
T= 4.17204; Average energy: 8.43478e-05
Average energy: 8.08599e-05
Total energy: 3.90151e-09
RMS vorticity * volume * 0.5: 0.000123402
Pressure drop: 1.75296
Average velocity through inlet section: 0.0210485
Number of iterations: 2081
Elapsed time: 375.101
Total elapsed time: 382.721
Description: Tot. energy, pressure-drop, tot. enstrophy,  vel1, vort1, pres1,  vel2, vort2, pres2,  vel3, vort3, pres3,  vel4, vort4, pres4,  vel5, vort5, pres5,  vel6, vort6, pres6
All data: 3.90151e-09, 1.75296, 0.000123402, Pos (0.022046,0.015072,0.044152); Velocity (-0.0111297,-0.000494917,0.0272058); Vorticity (5.63702,0.781476,-0.897451); Pressure 1.44861
Pos (0.027132,0.049947,0.095012); Velocity (-0.020918,0.00821607,0.0108778); Vorticity (0.438494,-0.710338,1.8622); Pressure 0.692332
Pos (0.034398,0.056487,0.057957); Velocity (0.0143746,0.0042155,-0.0227558); Vorticity (-4.90436,0.790286,-2.87947); Pressure 0.164648
Pos (0.031492,0.025971,0.084113); Velocity (0.00233588,0.00157819,-0.00318094); Vorticity (-0.248755,0.673607,0.0105089); Pressure 1.50521
Pos (0.025679,0.025971,0.091379); Velocity (0.00324448,0.00119848,-0.00114974); Vorticity (-0.840434,1.84467,-0.26349); Pressure 1.50769
Pos (0.018413,0.011439,0.076848); Velocity (0.000337717,0.000803213,0.00517575); Vorticity (2.32247,1.4863,0.958625); Pressure 1.50709
0.0293985, 5.76126, 1.44861, 0.0249679, 2.04075, 0.692332, 0.0272438, 5.74184, 0.164648, 0.00425034, 0.718147, 1.50521, 0.00364485, 2.04415, 1.50769, 0.00524858, 2.91923, 1.50709


As you can see, pressure drop is 1.75 , if it is in Pa , it is small and if it is in Psi it seems a bit much ,

Hello,

if all data in the param.xml file and in the provided STL file with the geometry is in SI units, then the pressure drop is in SI units (Pascal) as well. For more on the aneurysm case, please see:

http://www.palabos.org/academia/cfx-comparison

Best,
Dimitris

salvation has someone who helps me.

I have a program but does not give the same result with book
Mohammad, A. A., Applied Lattice Boltzmann
Method, SURE Print, Dalbrent, Canada, 2007

page 86

the program works so well that flow in a channel without obstacle, but if introduced obstacle stop the program until 1025 iteration stop.
I am looking to run up to 10000 iteration.

!programme PRINCIPAL

parameter (n=1000, m=40) ! dimensions du canal

REAL*8 f(0:8,0:n,0:m), feq(0:8,0:n,0:m)! fonction de distribution des particules et la fonction d’équilibre

REAL8 cx(0:8), cy(0:8), w(0:8) ! ! les vitesses et les dimensions de reseau
REAL
8 u(0:n,0:m), v(0:n,0:m), rho(0:n,0:m) ! velocidade-x, velocidade-y e densidade do fluido
REAL*8 Ma, Lx, hauteur_lattice,tau ! Número de Mach, comprimento e largura do canal

cx(:slight_smile: = (/0.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0/) !composante x de la vitesse du réseau de D2Q9
cy(:slight_smile: = (/0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0/) !composante y de la vitesse du réseau de D2Q9

w(:slight_smile: = (/4./9.,1./9.,1./9.,1./9.,1./9.,1./36.,1./36.,1./36.,1./36./) ! facteurs de pondération: 16/36, 4/36, 1/36

uo = 0.1 ! Vitesse d’entrée (m / s) [0.1 - 0.4]

rhoo = 1.0 ! densité de l’air (kg/m³) à 20 °C

! viscd = 0.1 ! viscosité dynamique (Pa)

!visc_lattice = viscd / rhoo ! viscosité cinematique (m²/s)

!visc_lattice = 0.0000154 ! viscosité cinematique (m²/s) à 20 °C

! dx = 1 ! distance entre les sites de réseau dans la direction x (m)

! dy = dx ! distance entre les sites de réseau dans la direction y (m)

! dt = 1 ! pas de temps (s)

!cs = dx / dt ! vitesse du son dans le réseau (m / s)

!Lx = n* dx ! longueur de canal (m)

!ly = hauteur_lattice* dy ! largeur de canal (m)

hauteur_lattice=80

!Ma = uo / cs ! Nombre de Mach [0.1 - 0.4]

! Re = uo * hauteur_lattice / visc_lattice ! Nombre de Reynolds

Re=400

visc_lattice=(uo*hauteur_lattice)/Re

! Instabilité si 2 <tau <0,506 !!!’

omega=1./(3.*visc_lattice+0.5)

tau= 1./omega

!tau =(3*visc_lattice)+0.5 ! Relaxation time

print *, "tau = ", tau ! sortie: vitesse d’entrée

!sumvelo = 0.0 ! réinitialisation (initialisation) somme

!omega = 1.0/tau ! facteur de relaxation: flux

!mstep = 8000 ! nombre de pas de temps

mstep = 10000 ! nombre de pas de temps

print , "**** unités SI *****"
print *, "Lx = ", Lx !sortie: longueur de canal
print *, "hauteur_lattice = ", hauteur_lattice ! sortie: largeur de canal
print *, "rhoo = ", rhoo ! sortie: densité
print *, "mu = ", viscd ! sortie: viscosité dynamique
print *, "visc_lattice = ", visc_lattice ! saída: viscosidade cinemática
print *, "Uo = ", uo ! sortie: vitesse d’entrée
print *, "Cs = ", cs ! sortie: vitesse du son dans le réseau
print *, "Re = ", Re ! saída: número de Reynolds
print *, "Ma = ", Ma ! saída: número de Mach
print *, "dx = ", dx ! saída: distância entre sítios da rede na direção x
print *, "dy = ", dy ! saída: distância entre sítios da rede na direção y
print *, "dt = ", dt ! saída: passo de tempo
print *, "omega = ", omega ! saída: fator de relaxação
print *, “Appuyez sur une touche pour continuer”
read *

do j = 0, m ! conditions initiales: densité, vx, vy
do i = 0, n

rho(i,j) = rhoo

u(i,j) = 0.0
v(i,j) = 0.0
enddo
enddo

do j = 1, m-1 ! conditions aux limites: entrée (pas glisser pour j = 0 & j = m)
u(0,j) = uo
v(0,j) = 0.0
enddo

!!!
!!!

! main loop
do kk = 1, mstep ! boucle principale

call collision(u,v,f,feq,rho,omega,w,cx,cy,n,m) ! l'étape de collision

call streaming(f,n,m) ! l'étape de propagation

call boundcond(f,n,m,uo) ! conditions aux limites

call calcrhouv(f,rho,u,v,cx,cy,n,m) ! l'obtention la vitesse du fluide

m2=m/2 ! milieu d’enregistrement (la direction y)

print *, v(0,m2),rho(0,m2),u(n,m2),v(n,m2),rho(n,m2) ! sortie (écran): Les valeurs de point median
enddo

call output(u,v,rho,uo,n,m)! sortie des valeurs  (de fichiers)

end

! kk,

!!!
!! sous-programme à l’étape de collision
!!!

subroutine collision(u,v,f,feq,rho,omega,w,cx,cy,n,m)! l’étape de collision

REAL8 f(0:8,0:n,0:m), feq(0:8,0:n,0:m) ! fonction de distribution de particules: Réseau D2Q9
REAL
8 w(0:8), cx(0:8), cy(0:8) ! des poids, la vitesse (x et y) du réseau D2Q9
REAL*8 rho(0:n,0:m), u(0:n,0:m), v(0:n,0:m) ! la densité, la vitesse (x et y) macroscopique

do i = 0, n
do j = 0, m
t1 = u(i,j)*u(i,j) + v(i,j)*v(i,j) ! vecteur de vitesse: Module
do k = 0, 8 ! vitesse de reseau D2Q9

         t2 = u(i,j)*cx(k) + v(i,j)*cy(k) ! produit scalaire: v.c

 feq(k,i,j) = rho(i,j) * w(k) * (1.0 + 3.0*t2 + 4.50*t2*t2-1.50*t1)! la fonction d'équilibre

   f(k,i,j) = omega*feq(k,i,j) + (1.- omega)*f(k,i,j) ! fonction de distribution

enddo
enddo
enddo
return
end

!!!
! sous-programme à l’étape de propagation
!!!

subroutine streaming(f,n,m) ! etapa de propagação
REAL*8 f(0:8,0:n,0:m) ! fonction de distribution de particules:

! Para fins de varredura --> direções 1 & 3:isoladas, direções 5, 6, 7, 8, além de 2 & 4 (obrigatórias): conjunta
! Regras de ouro:função progressiva <-> varredura regressiva & função regressiva <-> varredura progressiva

do j = 0, m ! varredura progressiva (irrelevante, poderia ser regressiva)
do i = n, 1, -1 ! varredura regressiva obrigatória
f(1,i,j) = f(1,i-1,j) ! f1: função progressiva horizontal (não há “componente” vertical)
enddo

do i = 0, n-1 ! varredura progressiva obrigatória
f(3,i,j) = f(3,i+1,j) ! f3: função regressiva horizontal (não há “componente” vertical)
enddo

enddo

do j = m, 1, -1 ! varredura regressiva obrigatória
do i = 0, n ! varredura progressiva (irrelevante, poderia ser regressiva)
f(2,i,j) = f(2,i,j-1) ! f2: função progressiva vertical (não há “componente” horizontal)
enddo

do i = n, 1, -1 ! varredura regressiva obrigatória
f(5,i,j) = f(5,i-1,j-1) ! f5: função progressiva horizontal,progressiva vertical
enddo

do i = 0, n-1 ! varredura progressiva obrigatória
f(6,i,j) = f(6,i+1,j-1) ! f6: função regressiva horizontal,progressiva vertical
enddo

enddo

do j = 0, m-1 ! varredura progressiva obrigatória
do i = 0, n ! varredura progressiva (irrelevante, poderia ser regressiva)
f(4,i,j) = f(4,i,j+1) ! f4: função regressiva vertical (não há “componente” horizontal)
enddo

do i = 0, n-1 ! varredura progressiva obrigatória
f(7,i,j) = f(7,i+1,j+1) ! f7: função regressiva horizontal,regressiva vertical
enddo

do i = n, 1, -1 ! varredura regressiva obrigatória
f(8,i,j) = f(8,i-1,j+1) ! f8: função progressiva horizontal,regressiva vertical
enddo

enddo
return
end

!!!
! Sous-programme pour des conditions aux limites
!!!

subroutine boundcond(f,n,m,uo) ! conditions aux limites: fonction de distribution des particules
REAL*8 f(0:8,0:n,0:m) ! fonction de distribution de particules:

! frontière ouest: entrée
do j = 0, m
!-----------------------------
rhow =(f(0,0,j) + f(2,0,j) + f(4,0,j) + 2.(f(3,0,j)+f(6,0,j)+f(7,0,j)))/(1.- uo) !—>
f(1,0,j) = f(3,0,j) + 2.rhowuo/3. !—>
f(5,0,j) = f(7,0,j) + rhow
uo/6. !—>
f(8,0,j) = f(6,0,j) + rhow*uo/6. !-----------------------------
enddo

!!!
!!!chang!!!

! frontière sud: rebondir contre le mur(bounce back)
do i = 0, n
f(2,i,0) = f(4,i,0)
f(5,i,0) = f(7,i,0)
f(6,i,0) = f(8,i,0)
enddo

! frontière nord: rebondir contre le mur(bounce back)
do i = 0, n
f(4,i,m) = f(2,i,m)
f(8,i,m) = f(6,i,m)
f(7,i,m) = f(5,i,m)
enddo

! frontière orientale: Sortie
do j = 1, m
f(1,n,j) = 2.*f(1,n-1,j) - f(1,n-2,j)
f(5,n,j) = 2.*f(5,n-1,j) - f(5,n-2,j)
f(8,n,j) = 2.*f(8,n-1,j) - f(8,n-2,j)
enddo

!!!

do i=0,40
f(2,i,20)=f(4,i,20)
f(5,i,20)=f(7,i,20)
f(6,i,20)=f(8,i,20)
end do

do j=0,20
f(1,40,j)=f(3,40,j)
f(5,40,j)=f(7,40,j)
f(8,40,j)=f(6,40,j)
end do

!!!

return
end

!!!
!
!Sous-programme pour des quantités macroscopiques
!
!!!

subroutine calcrhouv(f,rho,u,v,cx,cy,n,m) ! évaluation de variables macroscopiques

REAL8 f(0:8,0:n,0:m) ! fonction de distribution de particules:
REAL
8 rho(0:n,0:m), u(0:n,0:m), v(0:n,0:m) ! densité du fluide,les vitesses (composantes x et y)
REAL*8 cx(0:8), cy(0:8) ! velocidades da rede D2Q9

do j = 0, m ! varredura vertical
do i = 0, n ! varredura horizontal
ssum = 0.0 ! inicialização do somatório para avaliar a densidade

do k = 0, 8 ! varredura: direções da rede D2Q9
	ssum = ssum + f(k,i,j) ! somme p / évaluer la densité: SSUM = F0 + F1 + ... + f8
enddo

	rho(i,j) = ssum ! densité du fluide à la position (i, j)
enddo

enddo

do i = 0, n ! varredura horizontal
do j = 0, m ! varredura vertical
usum = 0.0 ! inicialização do somatório para avaliar a velocidade-x
vsum = 0.0 ! inicialização do somatório para avaliar a velocidade-y
do k = 0, 8 ! varredura: direções da rede D2Q9
usum = usum + f(k,i,j)cx(k) ! somatório vx: usum = f0c0,x + f1c1,x + … + f8c8,x
vsum = vsum + f(k,i,j)cy(k) ! somatório vy: vsum = f0c0,y + f1c1,y + … + f8c8,y
enddo
u(i,j) = usum / rho(i,j) ! velocidade-x na posição (i,j)
v(i,j) = vsum / rho(i,j) ! velocidade-y na posição(i,j)
enddo
enddo

do j = 0, m
v(n,j) = 0.0 ! correction p / profil vitesse développé: la direction y
enddo

!!!

do j=0,20
do i=0,40

		u(i,j)=0.0
		v(i,j)=0.0
	 
	end do 

end do

!!!

return
end

! sous-routine pour sorties (enregistrement) des résultats

subroutine output(u,v,rho,uo,n,m) ! sortie des résultats: le fichier journal
REAL8 u(0:n,0:m), v(0:n,0:m), rho(0:n,0:m) ! vitesse en x, vitesse en y, la densité
REAL
8 stf(0:n,0:m) ! fonction actuelle

!n5= n/20
!n10 = n/10
!n50 = n/2
!n95 = 95*n/100

m2 = m/2

open(2,file=‘result.dat’)

write(2,)“VARIABLES =X, Y, U, V”
write(2,
)“ZONE “,“I=”,n+1,“J=”,m+1,”,”,“F=BLOCK”

   n100 = n/10
   n200 = n/5
   n500 = n/2

open(3,file=‘u_x different_100_200_500.dat’)

do j = 0,m
write(3,50) j/m, u(n/10,j)/uo, u(n/5,j)/uo, u(n/2,j)/uo
enddo

do j=0,m
write(2,*)(i,i=0,n)
end do

do j=0,m
write(2,*)(j,i=0,n)
end do

do j=0,m
write(2,*)(u(i,j),i=0,n)
end do

do j=0,m
write(2,*)(v(i,j),i=0,n)
end do

!open (8, file=‘excel_si.dat’) ! enregistrement de profils de vitesse dans différentes positions en x de CANAL

!do j = 0, m
! write(8,50) j, u(0,j), u(n5,j), u(n10,j), u(n50,j), u(n95,j)
!enddo

open (9, file=‘vmax.dat’) ! enregistrement de l’évolution de la vitesse maximale (vitesse à l’axe central)

do i = 0, n
write(9,50) i, u(i,m2)
enddo

50 format (I4, 6(2X,F11.8))
return
end